Background: Prostate cancer is the third leading cause of death and is the most common cause of cancer in elderly men. Regarding to the low accuracy of screening methods such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Digital Rectal Examination (DRE) and trans rectal ultrasound (TRUS) in detection and localization of tumor, Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI) and Diffusion Weighted imaging (DWI) attracted many attentions in the past years. DWI reveals micro-molecular diffusion, which is the Brownian motion of the spins in biologic tissues. This technique can delineate pathologic lesions with high tissue contrast against generally suppressed background signal. In this paper, the value of DWI in detection of prostate cancer is studied.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the studied population are suspicious patients to prostate cancer based on high Prostatic Specific Antigen level or abnormal Digital Rectal Examination who refered for prostate biopsy to radiology department of Hazrate- Rasoul Hospital during the year 2011. The results of DWI are compared to biopsy results for all patients.Results: Eighty five patients are selected. The DWI sensitivity in detecting of prostate cancer is 100%, specificity 97.1% and positive and negative predictive values are 89.5% and 100%, respectively. The results showed that if DWI reports the prostate cancer as negative, the result was highly reliable and if it reports as positive, although the report was not 100% reliable, but it still had high reliability, more than 90%.Conclusion: DWI had high accuracy in detecting prostate cancer for patients with cancer. Also the accuracy of this method for patients without prostate cancer was acceptable compared to the other common methods.

Purpose: Something that happens in the future of a scientific field depends on today's view of young people about the future. The perception of young people from the future and their conception of the future is very important. The purpose of this study was to imaging the future of sports science from the perspective of educated youth. Method: The method of the present research is qualitative and exploratory research and in terms of purpose is applied research. The statistical population of the study included educated youth who are familiar with sports science and the snowball sampling method was used for interviews and theoretical saturation were obtained with 23 interviews. To analyze the data, the content analysis method has been used to obtain the information of this research. Findings: The results show the future of sports science among educated youth consists of seven main concepts that include: hope for a green education system, excessive interest in working in the sports industry, basic reengineering, relative disappointment from the ability of authorities, social position through academic education, desire for empowerment and lack of skills, injustice, and utilitarianism. Conclusion: Finally, by observing the mental images of the youth, it can be stated that sports science will move towards the dystopia if the current situation continues, and it can move towards the utopia with fundamental changes. In this direction, the stakeholders of sports sciences need to be together and disagreements need to be managed as well as arbitrariness of sports science professionals should be reduced.

Introduction The staging of endometrial carcinoma is now performed based on postoperative pathological assessments. If the staging of the cancer could be possible with a preoperative non-invasive method, based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics system, a more appropriate treatment protocol can be recommended for patients. This study was performed aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging in the staging of endometrial carcinoma, based on the postoperative histopathological reference standard. Methods This prospective study was conducted in 2016-2021 on 35 patients with endometrial cancer referred to Ghaem Hospital in Mashhad. The staging of endometrial cancer was performed based on MRI findings and pathological samples. The diagnostic value of MRI was calculated to distinguish stages 1 from 2 and 1A from 1B. The lesion dimensions in the MRI and the pathological samples were compared using independent-sample t-test and the lesion dimensions between different stages using the ANOVA test by SPSS (version 17). P<0. 05 was considered statistically significant. Results According to the findings of MRI and pathology, the majority of patients (93. 3%) were in stage 1, and 2 (6. 7%) were in stage 2. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value in differentiating stage 1 from stage 2 was 100%, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of MRI in differentiating IA from IB was 100%. Conclusion It seems that dMRI by DWI method can be used in the staging of endometrial tumors in the initial stages (stage 1 from 2 and IA from IB) with diagnostic value.

Introduction: Urinary obstructive disease is one of the most common disorders in urinary system. Dilatation which is detected by sonography, is a key finding in obstruction in most of the cases, also could be found following surgery, lithotripsy and vesica-urethral reflux. Radioisotope diuretic washout renography is a useful method to differentiate mechanical and non mechanical obstruction.Materials & Methods: 20 patients were studied with diuretic renography. They were hydrated and emptied their bladders before study. 99mTc-DTPA was injected in supine position for each patient. Images were obtained in I min time interval. Then 40 mg furosmide was injected at minute 161h intravenously and sequential imaging were continued for another 20 minutes. Subsequently time activity curves and images were analyzed.Results: Among 20 patients, 8 had urinary stones, 9 uretro-pelvic junction stenos is, 2 posterior urethral valve and one case with single kidney. Results showed 13 mechanical and 7 non mechanical obstruction. Sensitivity of the procedure was 85%.Conclusion: This study revealed that diuretic radionuclide renography is a sensitive and simple method for diagnosis of urinary obstruction.

Infertility can bedefinedas the inability to conceive a pregnancy after 1 year of unprotected intercourse or after6monthsin awoman over 35 years old. The use of sonography, in particular transvaginal sonography (TVS), has become an integral component of the evaluation and treatment of infertility. The TVS allows high-resolution assessment of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. TVS plays a critical role in the diagnosis and treatment of infertile women. Initial baseline ultrasound examination is used primarily to identify structural abnormalities that might affect fertility such as uterine anomalies, endometrial polyps or submucosal leiomyomas, endometrial adhesions/synechiae, or hydrosalpinges. Sonography is also used to assess for possible underlying pathologic processes associated with infertility such as adenomyosis, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and low antral follicular count. If the baseline pelvic sonogram is inconclusive or noncontributory, further anatomic evaluation can be obtained by means of pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hysterography, sonohysterography, or even hysteroscopy and laparoscopy, as indicated. CT and MRI play essential roles in evaluating gynecological disease. with the advent of multidetector CT faster scanning during optimal vascular opacification is now available which may improve accuracy in the detection and staging of gynecologic disease. However due to multiplanar capability and excellent tissue contrast, MRI is the preferred imaging modality of the female pelvis in many instances. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a valuable technique in evaluating the uterus and fallopian tubes. Contrast material introduced into the uterus through the cervical canal outlines the inner cavity of the uterus and tubes. A spill of contrast material into the peritoneal cavity reveals the patency of the fallopian tubes.

Molecular imaging is the noninvasive visualization of normal as well as abnormal cellular processes at a molecular or genetic level of function. It is used to provide characterization and measurement of biological processes in living animals and humans (in vivo). The discipline of molecular imaging evolved rapidly over the past decade through the integration of cell biology, molecular biology and diagnostic imaging. A key component is the imaging probe which homes in on the specific target of interest in the body and is visualized by a special scanning method. In creating a probe the basic principle is to identify a specific receptor site associated with the target molecule that characterizes the disease process being studied. The agent is labeled with a radioactive substance or nanoparticle or other methodology that allows detection by the imaging device.Although the concept is simple, the process is complex requiring extensive expertise and equipment. The probe must be safe, not alter the disease process being studied, be able to reach the target in sufficient concentration while not accumulating in other tissues, and be retained long enough to be detected – all significant challenges to overcome. Currently there are over 500 probes with many more in development. Three different noninvasive, in vivo imaging technologies are evolving at the heart of molecular imaging to provide spatial and temporal dimensions of understanding: 1. Radionuclide imaging2. Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)3. Optical imagingMolecular imaging has two basic applications: 1. Diagnostic imaging to determine the location and extent of targeted molecules for the disease being studied 2. Therapy to treat specific disease-target molecules by adding a therapeutic agent onto the probe. Molecular imaging will become more important as genomics and proteomics expand the number of relevant molecules to visualize. We will present an overview of current application in MRI field to be used in Royan project hopefully.

Background: Gynecologic conditions including uterine fibroids, adenomyosis and endometriosis lead to significant impairment in women’s’ lives and significant expenditures of health care dollars. However, many women have symptoms long before a diagnosis is made. One of the goals of the Mayo Clinic Center for Uterine Fibroids and the Mayo Clinic Center for Study of Adenomyosis is to pioneer new diagnostic modalities to facilitate early diagnosis and individualized treatment. Our most advanced project is the use of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in characterizing uterine disease.Materials and Methods: MRE scans were performed on a 1.5 T whole-body imager with participants in the supine position and passive driver placed on their abdomen above the uterus. Continuous acoustic vibrations at 60 Hz were transmitted from an active driver to the passive driver through a flexible vinyl tube transmitting shear waves into the uterus. A modified 2-D gradient recalled echo (GRE) based elastography pulse sequence was used to collect wave images. The resulting 3 motion-sensitizing-gradient directional wave images were processed into a quantitative elastogram with units of kilopascal (kPa) using a previously described 2-D local frequency estimation (LFE) MRE inversion algorithm.Results: MRE is feasible to perform in a wide range of uterine sizes and subjects’ body mass index. There is considerable heterogeneity in uterine elasticity (2.08- 7.08 kPa) even among women with benign uterine disease.Conclusion: MRE is a promising technology for elucidating information about the heterogeneity of uterine disease. With further study, this technique may help characterize the ontogeny of uterine disease and provide noninvasive elucidation of genotype/phenotype interactions.

Background: We aimed to evaluate subepicardial and subendocardial left ventricular (LV) functions in patients with single coronary artery lesion at early stage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: Patients with left anterior descending (LAD) lesion (n=40) were evaluated. Patients underwent PCI and at least one coronary stent was placed. After PCI, the pulsed-wave tissue doppler imaging (pw-TDI) parameters taken from subepicardial and subepicardial layers were compared among the them.Finding: The systolic and diastolic pw-TDI parameters were apparently different between the patient after PCI, while the systolic pw-TDI parameters did not change. The diastolic pw-TDI parameters taken from both subepicardial (circumferential contraction) and subendocardial layers (longitudinal contraction) improved after PCI. After PCI, it was shown that while Ea velocity (P=0.012) taken from the subendocardial layer increased, IVRa velocity (P<0.001) taken from the subepicardial layer decreased.Conclusion: In our study, left ventricular, left atrium, and aortic valve diameter increase in patients with coronary artery disease. The systolic and diastolic functions were impaired at subendocardial and subepicardial layers. These dysfunctions can be easily presented with pw-TDI. Although systolic dysfunction persists, diastolic dysfunction improves at early stage after PCI.

Abnormal uterine bleeding, whether in peri menopausal or postmenopausal patients, is an important clinical concern and results in much medical intervention. When bleeding occurs in women over 40 years of age as well as any postmenopausal women, endometrial assessment is mandatory.In the past and present, many clinicians prefer to begin such assessment with blind endometrial sampling. However, when an ultrasound-based approach to such patients is present, a thin distinct endometrial echo excludes significant pathology, assuming it is performed at an appropriate time if the patient is, in fact, cycling. When a thin distinct endometrial echo is not visualized (inadequate visualization or presence of thickened echo) then saline infusion sonohysterography can help to triage patients to no anatomic pathology, globally thickened anatomic pathology that may then be evaluated with blind endometrial sampling, and focal abnormalities that must be evaluated under direct vision. Such an ultrasound-based approach will not only help to exclude endometrial carcinoma, but also to identify the source of any bleeding for better clinical management. MRI has no role as a screening technique for endometrial carcinoma however the accuracy of MRI in differentiating non invasive from invasive carcinoma is high.